Abstract—This paper shows, for the first time, that Toll booth can be completely managed using the ‘Internet of Things’ concept based on the RFID technology. In reference to survey of annual toll collection on toll plazas, conducted by government of Maharashtra in year 2010, we examine and report on the conditions of total time spent, for money transaction on toll plaza, by a particular vehicle and further evaluate total fuel wastage as well as human errors involvement, while doing so. Finally to provide an optimal solution, we consent with the idea of making toll plazas completely automated, with assistance of IoT technology.
INTRODUCTION Today, „Transportation‟ is the major contributor to the nation‟s economy. Improvements in the field of transportation enabled us to have a fast pace lifestyle characterized by exceptional independence of movement, huge trades in manufactured goods and services, high jobs and social movements. The nation‟s economic treasure can be said to be directly proportional to the productive transportation methods. As we know number of vehicles on the road are increasing day by day, problems such as congestion, accidents, air pollution have become a major factor of concern. Every industry has its different method of transportation to reduce excessive costs spent on transportation. Thus, providing good quality transportation will significantly contribute to better economy and productivity. Cost reduction in transporting raw material to factories and moving finished products to consumer market is an important factor in economic and social growth. To reduce congestion and travel time, increase safety, increase efficiency are some important challenges that are faced. Hence by increasing system‟s efficiency and making an efficient utilization of modern technology, one can achieve better optimization of the current constraint resources. IoT Toll Collection systems are aimed at automating the toll plazas so as to maintain fairness in the transactions during toll collections. This literature paper presents the idea of IoT Toll Collection systems. “This work is supported in part by MIT College of Engineering, Department of Electronics and Telecommunications Engineering, Pune”.According to survey carried in September 2010, by Government of Maharashtra, estimated annual toll collection was 1500 corers/year. However at present, only 1200corers/year of the toll value is being collected. It is predicted that the loss of 300 cores is due to human involvement in the system. Moreover, current toll plaza systems require 1 minute for complete toll transaction by a particular vehicle. By automating this process using IoT, estimated time for toll transaction is 40-42 seconds. As there is a reduction in time for completion of the process, a fair purpose of designing the highways is achieved
REVIEW OF THE RELATED LITERATURE The first person to propose electronic toll system was William Vickrey. He proposed this system for Washington Metropolitan Area. He was also the recipient of Nobel Economics prize in 1959 [5] The transponder and reader technology spread all around Norway. The system was broached in the Bergen (1986). World‟s first completely automated electronic toll collection system was introduced in Trondheim (1991). Norway too has electronic fee collection EFC.In different places in the United States like California, Pennsylvania, Texas, Delaware and Florida, vehicles can pass through electronic toll collecting booths directly. For the same no of cars, operations in electronic toll booths take place faster as the users are preregistered. Toll collecting gates are usually broader than the original width of the road but this made it possible to fit them into smaller narrower roads. Although these limitations are present, if the time taken for operation at the toll booth is reduced, then the speed of operation can be increased. The greater the speed of operation, less number of total lanes was required and as more number of lanes started getting automated, there was a reduction in the overall short term cost of the project. Also if the long term cost of the project is considered, larger number of vehicles started using electronic toll and vehicles using manual toll reduced. [5] According to references, the methodology proposes use of Infrared sensors to gather real time data from the waste bins and that of the microcontroller board to communicate this information to the waste managers. These sensors collect information about the objects, their surroundings and communicate this information to other stations, linked through wired or wireless networks. The system will check using the IR sensors when the bin becomes full and will notify the waste managers upon filling up of the bins and will provide an optimal and effective collection route. [10] According to reference, The initial technical realization of IoT was achieved by utilizing RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) technology, which was limited to identification, object tracking and extracting information of specific objects. However, The implemented IoT based system performs sensing, actuating, data gathering, storing, and processing by connecting physical or virtual devices to the Internet. [10] According to reference, To facilitate vehicle monitoring, toll collection and faithful vehicle authentication on the highways and to have an efficient usage of communication link between RF Modems over a wireless channel, a module is proposed. There are two types of implementation modules-the Vehicle Module (Active RFID Tag) and the Base Module. Microcontroller contains user-specific information associated with vehicle, such as the owners information with his billing address, vehicle engine number and vehicle registration number. The base module allows the base module to check the activities of vehicles in range, including the vehicles in range, their status, and the detailed information about any registered vehicle.[6] According to reference, Open Road Tolling uses video evidence to identify vehicle usage of a toll facility without the use of toll booths for toll collection without having to stop or even slow down to pay the toll. The application, for Open Road Tolling, utilizes pattern recognition and image processing methods. This paper presents Open Road Tolling (ORT) using number plate recognition. The proposed Number Plate Recognition (NPR) techniques consist of mainly two modules: histogram based number plate localization and number plate recognition using template matching, thus making it simple & faster. AVI technology uses Laser or Radio Frequency (RF) method. Laser systems uses barcode attached to the vehicle & read by vehicle scanner as the vehicle passes through the toll lane. [7] According to reference, The German Federal Ministry of Transport had conducted a fee collection experiment on German motorways called ChipTicket systems. The ChipTicket system assumes that vehicles are equipped with a chip card, and an in-vehicle unit. The in-vehicle unit contains transmitting and receiving facilities for communication with the toll stations - the so-called charge collection stations. The chip card is a plastic card contains an integrated microprocessor. When a driver passes a charge collection station, payment is made automatically by the vehicle the chip ticket is made and the fee is registered and stored in the station computer.[8] A microcontroller has been programmed to operate a remotely operated positioning system of a satellite. Earlier, if we wanted to get an exact angle of the satellite, it needed manual adjustment. To overcome this drawback, this paper was aimed at developing a system to remotely operate the satellite. The IR signal from the remote (Transmitter) is sent and is received by the IR sensor (Receiver) which has been interfaced with the main microcontroller. The data from the transmitter is sent in an encoded format which is received by the receiver sensor and is the suitably sent to the main microcontroller. Corresponding signal is sent by the microcontroller to the motor driver which in turn rotates the motor and thereby the satellite accordingly. [9] According to reference, the ESP826 is a Wi-Fi module that has very efficient on chip storage and processing capabilities with lower cost and higher quality. ESP is based on IEEE 802.11 Wi-Fi protocol and it supports various network protocols. For connecting the machine to server a level shifter is used. [12] This system on chip (SOC) design has been provided with a TCP/IP protocol stack which is used to provide Wi-Fi connection to any microcontroller that has been used by the system. There are three different methods to implement ESP8266. Using AT commands for communication is the simplest way that can be used. AT commands can be sent via the computer through a USB to serial adapter cable to the controller for setup and testing purposes. The second way is peripheral mode by interfacing compatible microcontroller with the module. The third method can be implemented by directly programming the GPIO pins of the module and interfacing them with external peripherals and sensors. An ESP8266 device can be used as an access point or as a station or both at the same time. Usually the access point also has a network data connection. Therefore itcan act as a bridge between the wireless network and the TCP/IP network which is the internet. Once it has been finalized which mode the device will be used in, then we set a global mode which indicates the state in which the device will be used (As an access point or a station or both). Wi-Fi module is connected to the controller through this level shifter and have used SPI protocol.. Here considering the need for consistency of data we have utilized TCP/IP network protocol for communicating with the server [11] The ESP8266 is designed to occupy minimal PCB area, without compromising on providing maximum inbuilt features. Cost Effective - Among the major advantages of the module include its price. You can get a module at lower than $5. Power - The power saving architecture operates in 3 modes: active mode, sleep mode and deep sleep mode, thus yielding very power efficient system. Ease of Interfacing - Module can be easily calibrated when required by reprogramming it for interfacing wide range of sensors.[13] There are various of protocol is used in IoT (Internet of Things) devices. One of the most useful protocols is MQTT (Message Queuing Telemetry Transport). Second basic protocol is TCP. MQTT is broker based publishing/subscribing messaging protocol. It is open, lightweight, and very easy to implement. Moreover it has low bandwidth protocol.[14] The ATmega328 is the microcontroller used for this project. It shows important specifications like 14 digital input/output pins, 6 analog inputs, a USB connection, a 16 MHz ceramic resonator, an ICSP header, a power jack, and a reset button. The Arduino can be powered via the USB connection or with an external power supply. The power source is selected automatically. External (non-USB) power can come either from an ACto-DC adapter (wall-wart) or battery. The board can operate on an external supply of 6 to 20 volts. However it suffers form possibilities of overheating which may damage the board. The recommended range is 7 to 12 volts.[21] Controller –ATmega328 controller has been used which is an 8-bit microcontroller based on AVR. It has built-in communication protocol like I2C and UART and many other essential features. Real Time Clock-RTC module of DS1307 is connected to ATmega328 through two wire interface for reading the on and off time of the machine. Level shifter: MOSFET based level shifter is needed to drop down voltage in between, as ATmega328 operate on 5V and ESP-12 on 3.3V.[12] III. SYSTEM DESIGN The user places the RFID tag within relatively short range so that the radio freq. signals can be detected. Once this tag enters the required range, it can be detected by the reader module and it receives the signal of activation. Once the RFID tag has been identified by the reader then the tag can read and write information to the reader. Then the tag can transmit the information to the RFID reader and then it can be sent to the microcontroller. This corresponding data can be then transmitted via the Wi-Fi module to the online cloud database. For the prototype system, a dummy Government registration database is utilized for the verification purpose. If user is identified, process goes to next level. Corresponding amount is deducted (A reference amount is taken for demonstration purpose) and the operation of the toll booth is complete. On completion of operation, the microcontroller then drives the motor to operate the toll gate. IR sensor is employed to detect when the car has passed and correspondingly the motor is signaled to close the gate. Display Unit is used to display the transaction amount message. For implementation purpose, switches are made available at the toll booth for performing top-up operation for topping up money in the account. Entire operation is performed using the microcontroller. IoT has been implemented for online application of the system. It has been connected to the cloud server and entire data of the transaction and remaining balance amount in the account is available online for users. As a result entire operation is recorded on the server and information can be accessed remotely. Hence entire operation can be made devoid of human intervention.
COMPLEXITIES INVOLVED Security: IoT is a combination of physical objects (“things”),sensors, embedded software and keeps a goal of effective connectivity and faithful data exchange. The current graphs imply that IoT market growing at remarkable rate. However, some of these devices suffer from limited memory, power consumption and processing power. This issues may cause IoT to become penetrable and hence security is at utmost priority to IoT domain.
. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION We aim to show that Toll booth can be completely managed by „Internet of Things‟ technology with the help of RFID reader. We present a related literature and market survey to show need of such design. We now discuss the potential directions for improving the design presented in this paper. High data rates: While the data rates of transmission and reception of data by Wi-Fi module and RFID reader are sufficient for our target application scenarios, we believe that with better access to the hardware functionality of RFID sensors, one can achieve higher data rates.
FUTURE WORK Cloud data can be handled using android application. Person will be granted permissions to register, recharge and renew toll account with the help of android application. Moreover, security system needs to be integrated within this module. Thus, when module is implemented on a greater level, it will result in cost reduction and increase in reliability.
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